N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) has been shown to inhibit replication of the highly virulent H5N1 bird flu virus and reduce inflammation in the epithelial cells of the lungs.

That means it is a powerful weapon against cytokine storms.

A handful of clinical trials have been conducted to see if NAC improves the outcome of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, which is caused by cytokine storms.

The results are mixed, but they seem to indicate that NAC improves outcome, shortens stays in intensive care units, and reduces collagen and fibrosis in the lungs after the infection clears.

Unfortunately, in most of these studies the NAC was given only after patients were already seriously ill.

One of the most important effects of NAC is that it increases the amount of the antioxidant molecule glutathione in all cells.

Ironically, taking Tylenol (acetaminophen) during a flu infection drastically lowers glutathione levels, increasing the risk and pathological impact of cytokine storms.

In addition, lowering fever can increase the risk of death from viral diseases.

NAC should be taken with meals. The usual dose is 750 mg twice a day during flu season and twice a week otherwise.