The House voted to pass a sweeping defense policy bill Wednesday that authorizes $900 billion in military programs, including a pay raise for troops and an overhaul of how the Department of War buys weapons.
The bill's passage on a 312-112 vote comes at a time of increasing friction between the Republican-controlled Congress and President Donald Trump's administration over the management of the military.
The annual National Defense Authorization Act typically gains bipartisan backing, and the White House has signaled "strong support" for the must-pass legislation, saying it is in line with Trump's national security agenda.
Yet tucked into the over-3,000-page bill are several measures that push back against the Department of War, including a demand for more information on boat strikes in the Caribbean and support for allies in Europe, such as Ukraine.
Overall, the sweeping bill calls for a 3.8% pay raise for many military members as well as housing and facility improvements on military bases.
It also strikes a compromise between the political parties — cutting climate and diversity efforts in line with Trump's agenda, while also boosting congressional oversight of the Pentagon and repealing several old war authorizations.
Still, hard-line conservatives said they were frustrated that the bill does not do more to cut U.S. commitments overseas.
"We need a ready, capable and lethal fighting force because the threats to our nation, especially those from China, are more complex and challenging than at any point in the last 40 years," said Rep. Mike Rogers, R-Ala., chair of the House Armed Services Committee.
Lawmakers overseeing the military said the bill would change how the Pentagon buys weapons, with an emphasis on speed after years of delay by the defense industry.
It's also a key priority for War Secretary Pete Hegseth.
Rep. Adam Smith, D-Wash., the ranking member on the Armed Services Committee, called the bill "the most ambitious swing at acquisition reform that we've taken."
Smith said the bill does not do as much as Democrats would like to rein in the Trump administration but called it "a step in the right direction towards reasserting the authority of Congress."
"The biggest concern I have is that the Pentagon, being run by Secretary Hegseth and by President Trump, is simply not accountable to Congress or accountable to the law," he said.
The legislation next heads to the Senate, where leaders are working to pass the bill before lawmakers depart Washington for a holiday break.
Several senators on both sides of the aisle have criticized the bill for not doing enough to restrict military flights over Washington.
They had pushed for reforms after a midair collision this year between an Army helicopter and a jetliner killed all 67 people aboard the two aircraft near Washington's Ronald Reagan National Airport.
The National Transportation Safety Board and families of the victims have also voiced opposition to that section of the bill, raising concerns that it would make the airspace more dangerous.
Here's what the defense bill does as it makes its way through Congress.
Lawmakers included a provision that would cut Hegseth's travel budget by a quarter until the Pentagon provides Congress with unedited video of the strikes against alleged drug boats near Venezuela.
Lawmakers are asserting their oversight role after a Sept. 2 strike where the U.S. military fired on two survivors who were holding on to a boat that had partially been destroyed.
The bill also demands that Hegseth allow Congress to review the orders for the strikes.
Trump's ongoing support for Ukraine and other allies in Eastern Europe has been under doubt over the past year, but lawmakers included several positions meant to keep up U.S. support for countering Russian aggression in the region.
The defense bill requires the Pentagon to keep at least 76,000 troops and major equipment stationed in Europe unless NATO allies are consulted and there is a determination that such a withdrawal is in U.S. interests.
Around 80,000 to 100,000 U.S. troops are usually present on European soil.
It also authorizes $400 million for each of the next two years to manufacture weapons to be sent to Ukraine.
Additionally, there is a provision to keep U.S. troops stationed in South Korea, setting the minimum requirement at 28,500.
The bill makes $1.6 billion in cuts to climate change-related spending, the House Armed Services Committee said.
U.S. military assessments have long found that climate change is a threat to national security, with bases being pummeled by hurricanes or routinely flooded.
The bill also would save $40 million by repealing diversity, equity, and inclusion offices, programs, and trainings, the committee said. The position of chief diversity officer would be cut, for example.
Congress is putting an official end to the war in Iraq by repealing the authorization for the 2003 invasion.
Supporters in both the House and Senate say the repeal is crucial to prevent future abuses and to reinforce that Iraq is now a strategic partner of the U.S.
The 2002 resolution has been rarely used in recent years. But the first Trump administration cited it as part of its legal justification for a 2020 U.S. drone strike that killed Iranian Gen. Qassim Suleimani.
Congress would permanently remove U.S. sanctions put on Syria after the Trump administration temporarily lifted many penalties.
Lawmakers imposed economically crippling sanctions on the country in 2019 to punish former leader Bashar Assad for human rights abuses during the nearly 14-year civil war.
After Syrian President Ahmed al-Sharaa led a successful insurgency to depose Assad, he is seeking to rebuild his nation's economy.
Advocates of a permanent repeal have said international companies are unlikely to invest in projects needed for the country's reconstruction as long as there is a threat of sanctions returning.
Democrats criticized House Speaker Mike Johnson, R-La., for stripping a provision from the bill to expand coverage of in vitro fertilization for active duty personnel.
An earlier version covered the medical procedure, known as IVF, which helps people facing infertility have children.
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