Some automakers this week got a first-quarter profit boost – at least on paper - from future refunds of tariff payments they made to the U.S. government, risking potential ire from President Donald Trump.

Companies that were hit with import duties began applying for refunds last week, following a February U.S. Supreme Court ruling that struck down some of the Trump administration's tariffs.

A total of up to $166 billion in reimbursements is due to importers who paid tariffs in a process that could take several months, with the ‌auto industry among the hardest-hit sectors by Trump's tariffs.

This week, several car companies began recording that expected refund income on their books, totalling ​about $2.3 billion, becoming among the first companies to quantify what they are owed by the government.

Ford Motor told investors it is due to be reimbursed $1.3 billion that it paid under a 1977 law called the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, or IEEPA. General Motors anticipates recovering $500 ⁠million it paid in import taxes under that law. Mercedes-Benz also said it recorded an expected refund onto its first-quarter books.

The companies logged the estimated refunds ​for accounting purposes, which increased their quarterly bottom lines. They acknowledged, though, that they did not know when they would be refunded, given the uncertainty around the government's ⁠process for doling out payments.

GM and Ford both said that because the money has not been received yet, they did not record the payments as free cash flow, and would only do so once it comes through the door. On Thursday, Jeep-maker Stellantis booked a positive first-quarter impact of around 400 million euros ($467 million), based on expected refunds. However, Volkswagen's finance chief Arno Antlitz told analysts it was too early ‌to discuss tariff refunds.

Any refund would be minor compared with the annual costs of 4 billion euros, he said.

Accounting firm Ernst & Young said ​in an advisory paper ‌last month it was acceptable to book projected refunds when companies can assert their intent to recover payments and reasonably estimate the amount.

Trump has said the tariffs are a response to persistent U.S. trade imbalances and declining U.S. manufacturing power, and will bring ‌jobs and investment to the nation.

Companies applying to get their money back could risk blowback from the Trump administration. Trump in an interview with CNBC last week said he would "remember" companies that opt not to seek refunds, without specifying how they might benefit.

Ford CFO Sherry House ⁠said on Wednesday that the company had a fiduciary duty to file ‌a lawsuit to get reimbursed, "really just for purposes of protecting ⁠our shareholders and getting in line to be able to receive the reimbursement."

The tariff complexities are just one ripple effect of the Trump administration's mix of geopolitical moves and domestic policies that are reverberating through ⁠the auto industry.

The ⁠Middle East conflict that began at the end of February with the U.S.-Israeli airstrikes on Iran has raised energy and raw-material costs across industrial sectors. GM said on Tuesday that commodity expenses and other cost inflation would ‌add $500 million to what it had anticipated before the year began.

In the U.S., the administration's pivot back to fossil fuels has hurt demand for electric vehicles, prompting automakers to cancel tens of billions of dollars in EV projects. Many carmakers now are rushing to adjust their vehicle-development plans to include more gas-powered versions.

Meanwhile, Trump's tariffs are still inflicting pain. The levies ‌charged under IEEPA ​were only a slice of the overall tariff regime ‌affecting carmakers, which still face import taxes on steel and aluminum, cars and parts shipped from Mexico and Canada, and other levies.

In February, Trump imposed a 10% tariff for 150 days under Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974 and launched investigations into excess industrial capacity in major ​trading partners and into forced labor.

GM said this week that tariffs would reduce its profits by $2.5 billion to $3.5 billion this year. Ford pegged its net tariff cost at $1 billion.

($1 = 0.8565 euros)