The crux of political contention in contemporary America often boils down to one central question: what should be the role of government in a capitalist economy? At the heart of this debate is a stark difference between the Republican and Democratic parties.

The GOP champion a vision of limited government intervention, enshrining individual liberty and market self-regulation. The Democrats advocate for an expanded governmental role, believing that active intervention is necessary to ensure equity and justice.

Understanding which perspective ultimately leads to a more prosperous and fair society is essential.

A limited government is established to perform functions that cannot be effectively or equitably fulfilled by the private sector. These public goods typically include national defense, a judicial system to uphold laws, and providing leadership.

Moreover, the government should also strive to foster an environment where opportunity is accessible to all, irrespective of background. Such a limited approach allows the free market to operate efficiently, spurring innovation and encouraging entrepreneurial spirit.

Crucial to this discussion is the concept of transfer payments, where government redistributions of income are designed to aid those in need.

The pivotal question arises: how much of the wealth generated by working individuals should be appropriated by the government to support those who, for various reasons, have not earned sufficient income?

From the GOP’s standpoint, transfer payments should be governed by the principle of providing basic necessities for the truly needy. They assert that wealthier Americans are inherently compassionate, willing to contribute to the basic welfare of their fellow citizens.

This compassionate spirit should guide governmental support; however, they also believe that those who are able-bodied ought not to rely on taxpayer funding. The GOP maintains that individuals who claim to suffer from social injustices do not necessarily deserve automatic support from the public purse.

Democrats, on the other hand, contend that government possesses a moral obligation to alleviate the disparities created by capitalism.

From their point of view, a capitalist economy can generate significant social injustices, particularly income inequality, which necessitates government redistribution to rectify these disparities.

They argue that annual income is disproportionately concentrated among the highest income earners, with the top 5% capturing nearly 40% of total income, while the bottom 50% collectively receive less than 12%. This glaring inequality fuels the Democratic belief in the necessity of systemic reform.

In response to these inequalities, Democrats advocate for a substantial increase in tax rates for higher-income earners. The current federal income tax rate reaches as high as 37%, and proposals have emerged calling for even steeper rates.

However, while the Democratic perspective on redistribution may seem noble, it raises significant concerns regarding economic incentives. Their system of income redistribution threatens to undermine the motivation for those individuals who contribute significantly to the economy.

In a capitalist economy, individuals receive compensation commensurate with their contributions. This merit-based system naturally leads to income disparities, as those who provide high value to the economy, through skills, innovation, or entrepreneurship, are rewarded accordingly.

While this isn’t an equitable distribution of wealth, it is arguably a fair reflection of real economic value.

Excessive redirecting of the flow of income through government mandates to achieve a seemingly more equitable distribution is really a misguided approach. Such policies are counterproductive to the fundamental principles of capitalism and risk reducing the creative drive that fuels economic advancement.

The rise of Democratic Socialism in some urban areas of America has brought these issues to the forefront. Recently elected leaders, such as the mayor of New York City, have started promoting significant alterations in income distribution policies.

Their platforms often include proposals advocating for rent stabilization for low-income residents, taxpayer-funded daycare services, and even free public transportation funded by over taxing the wealthiest individuals.

While these ideas might resonate with lower-income constituents, they are fraught with potential long-term consequences. For instance, offering free public transportation could lead to overuse of transit systems resulting in over-crowded buses.

Additionally, homeless people will be free to board any subway or bus and may end up essentially living there.

The rent freeze will keep rents low, but as costs rise and profits squeezed for landlord, the apartments will not be maintained.  In the long run the number of apartments available will decline, worsening the apartment shortage.

As Henry David Thoreau noted in his 1849 essay, Civil Disobedience, “The government is best when it governs least.

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Michael Busler is a public policy analyst and a professor of finance at Stockton University in Galloway, New Jersey, where he teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in finance and economics. He has written op-ed columns in major newspapers for more than 35 years.